HOME > O'AHU ISLETS

O'ahu islet map

For more information click on an islet name on the map or select from the list below. Islets that are washed over by waves and lack any flora or fauna are not detailed here.

> Kaohikaipu (Black Rock)

> Kapapa (Mokukapapa)

> Kekepa (Turtle Rock)

> Kihewamoku

> Kuka'imanini

> Kukuiho'olua

> Manana (Rabbit Island)

> Mokauea

> Mokolea

> Mokoli'i (Chinaman's Hat)

> Moku manu

> Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island)

> Mokualai

> Moku'au'ia (Goat Island)

> Mokulua

> Popo'ia (Flat Island)

> Pulemoku

Mokulua
Mokulua
Aerial view
Photo: H. Eijzenga

2 islets totaling 24 acres located in Kailua Bay across from Lanikai.
The islet is part of the State Seabird Sanctuary: access is by permit only to protect the islet's flora and fauna.

Field Accounts: 29 Feb 2007
Species checklists:
ARTHROPOD
 Order: HYMENOPTERA
  Family: Formicidae
    Paratrechina longicornis naonao (Crazy ant) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    2002-2004 Complete survey Common Smith 2006
    2002-2004 Complete survey Common Smith 2006
    2005-2006 Opportunistic survey Present Smith 2006
    2005-2006 Opportunistic survey Present Smith 2006
    Solenopsis geminata naonao (Fire ant) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    2005-2006 Opportunistic survey Present Smith 2006
    2005-2006 Opportunistic survey Present Smith 2006
MAMMAL
  Family: Muridae
    Rattus sp. (Rats) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1941 Unknown Present? Munro 194
    15-Nov-67 Complete survey none Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Unknown Present Carter 1994
PLANT
  Family: Aizoaceae
    Sesuvium portulacastrum Akulikuli Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Zealand spinach) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Trianthema portulacastrum (Trianthema) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Asteraceae
    Ageratum conyzoides Maile Honohono (Ageratum) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Bidens alba var. radiata (Spanish needles) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    Conyza bonariensis (Hairy horseweed) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Emilia fosbergii Pualele (Flora's paintbrush) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Emilia sp. Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    Gnaphalium purpureum (Purple cudweed) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Melanthera integrifolia Nehe Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Pluchea indica (Indian fleabane) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Reichardia tingitana (Reichardia) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Sonchus oleraceus Pualele (Sow thistle) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Tridax procumbens (Coat buttons) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Boraginaceae
    Heliotropium anomalum var. argenteum Hinahina Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Heliotropium curassavicum Nena (salt heliotrope) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Heliotropium sp. Fed:Unknown State:UnknownUnknown
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
  Family: Brassicaceae
    Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense Anaunau Fed:none State:SOCEndemic
    1936 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Capparaceae
    Capparis sandwichiana Maiapilo Fed:none State:SOCEndemic
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
  Family: Casuarinaceae
    Casuarina equisetifolia (Ironwood) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Casuarina glauca (Longleaf ironwood) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Chenopodiaceae
    Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Atriplex sp. Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    Chenopodium oahuense Aweoweo Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Convolvulaceae
    Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis Pohuehue (Bayhops) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Ipomoea sp. Fed:Unknown State:UnknownUnknown
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    Jacquemontia ovalifolia subsp. sandwicensis Pau o Hiiaka Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    Merremia aegyptia (Hairy morning glory) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Cyperaceae
    Fimbristylis cymosa (Button sedge) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Euphorbiaceae
    Chamaesyce degeneri Akoko Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Chamaesyce hirta (Hairy spurge) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Chamaesyce sp. (Spurge) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
  Family: Fabaceae
    Acacia farnesiana Kolu (Klu) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Desmodium triflorum (Tick clover) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Leucaena leucocephala Haole koa (White leadtree) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Macroptilium lathyroides (Cow pea) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Prosopis pallida (Kiawe) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Sesbania tomentosa Ohai Fed:E State:EEndemic
    1936 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Vigna marina (Beach pea) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    Vigna o-wahuensis (Vigna) Fed:E State:EEndemic
    1938 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Goodeniaceae
    Scaevola sericea Naupaka kahakai Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Malvaceae
    Malvastrum coromandelianum (Malvastrum) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Sida fallax Ilima (Fanpetals) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Myoporaceae
    Myoporum sandwicense Naio (False sandalwood) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Nyctaginaceae
    Boerhavia coccinea (Boerhavia) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Boerhavia repens Alena (Boerhavia) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Oxalidaceae
    Oxalis corniculata (Yellow wood sorrel) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Papavaraceae
    Argemone glauca var. glauca Pua kala Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Passifloraceae
    Passiflora foetida (Love-in-a-mist) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Passiflora suberosa Huehue haole Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Poaceae
    Bothriochloa pertusa (Pitted beard grass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Cenchrus echinatus (Sand bur) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Cenchrus sp. Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    Chloris barbata (Swollen fingergrass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    Chrysopogon aciculatus (Golden beardgrass) Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    Dactyoloctenium aegyptium (Egyptian grass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Digitaria ciliaris (Henry's crabgrass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Digitaria insularis (Sourgrass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Digitaria setigera (Itchy crabgrass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Echinochloa colona (Jungle rice grass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Eleusine indica (Wiregrass) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    Eragrostis variabilis Emoloa, kawelu Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Common Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Heteropogon contortus Pili (Tanglehead) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Panicum fauriei (Faurie's panicgrass) Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Panicum torridum Kakonakona (Torrid panicgrass) Fed:none State:noneEndemic
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Paspalum vaginatum (Seashore paspalum) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Sporobolus virginicus Akiaki Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Portulacaceae
    Portulaca lutea ihi (Purslane) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    Portulaca oleracea (Pigweed) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Portulaca sp. Fed:Unknown State:UnknownUnknown
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
  Family: Solanaceae
    Lycium sandwicense Ohelo kai (Hawai'i desert-thorn) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Occasional Starr & Starr 2006
    Solanum americanum Popolo (Glossy Nighshade) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Sterculiaceae
    Waltheria indica Uhaloa Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Verbenaceae
    Lantana camara (Lantana) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Partial survey Present Carter 1994
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Jamaica vervain) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Present Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    Stachytarpheta sp. (Vervain) Fed:none State:noneAdventive
    1968 Partial survey Present Fitch 1968
    Vitex rotundifolia (Pohinahina) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
  Family: Zygophyllaceae
    Tribulus cistoides Nohu Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    2002-2005 Partial survey Present Smith 2006; Eijzenga and Smith 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
    3-Mar-06 Complete survey Rare Starr & Starr 2006
SEABIRD
  Family: Laridae
    Anous minutus melanogenys noio (Black Noddy) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1937-1945 Unknown a few Munro 1941
    22-Jun-94 Unknown Present Carter 1994
  Family: Procellaridae
    Bulweria bulweri ou (Bulwer's Petrel) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1935-1937 Unknown Present Munro 1946
    1935-1947 Unknown Present Munro 1941
    1-May-64 Estimated 90+/-10 Fitch 1968
    23-Oct-67 Opportunistic survey 1 adult Fitch 1968
    15-Nov-67 Opportunistic survey 3 adults Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Unknown Present Carter 1994
    Puffinus nativitatus (Christmas Shearwater) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1-May-94 Unknown 1 nest Carter 1994
    Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus uaukane (Wedge-tailed Shearwater) Fed:none State:noneIndigenous
    1935-1947 Unknown Present Munro 1941
    3-May-53 Opportunistic survey hundreds Hatch 1953
    1-May-64 Estimated 7500+/-2000 Fitch 1968
    30-Nov-66 Estimated 2000+/-200 immatures Fitch 1968
    22-Jun-94 Unknown Present Carter 1994
    1-Nov-96 Extrapolated 2657 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-96 Extrapolated 4956 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-97 Extrapolated 3449 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-97 Extrapolated 9878 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-98 Extrapolated 8362 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-98 Extrapolated 3387 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-99 Extrapolated 5422 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-99 Extrapolated 3261 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-00 Extrapolated 2874 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-00 Extrapolated 4441 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-01 Extrapolated 1794 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-01 Extrapolated 2986 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-02 Extrapolated 1971 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-02 Extrapolated 3091 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-03 Extrapolated 2858 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-03 Extrapolated 4977 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-04 Extrapolated 4977 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-04 Extrapolated 5223 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    2-Nov-05 Extrapolated 6726 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    2-Nov-05 Extrapolated 7428 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-06 Extrapolated 5943 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-06 Extrapolated 4901 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-07 Extrapolated 6103 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
    1-Nov-07 Extrapolated 5743 individuals DOFAW unpubl. data
Literature Citations:

Altonn, H. 1977. Seabird refuge established. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1977 (October 22, 1977): A101.

Anonymous. 1992. Images and GIS data of Oahu's offshore islets. In: Hawaii Natural Heritage Project

Anonymous. 1999. Nongame survey and inventory of seabirds, Oahu County, July 1, 1998 through June 30, 1999. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 58 p.

Berger, A.J. 1972. Hawaiian birdlife and indigenous birds, p. 28. In: Hawaiian Birdlife. First. University of Hawaii Press Honolulu.

Berger, A.J. 1981. Hawaiian birdlife, p. 43. In: 2nd edition. University fo Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

Carter, S. 1994. Mokulua Trip Report. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 2 p.

Department of Land and Natural Resources, D.o.F.a.W. 1981. Rules regulating wildlife sanctuaries. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Department of Foresty and Wildlife, Honolulu. 14 p.

Department of Land and Natural Resources, D.o.F.a.W. 1999. Job progress report, Hawaii non-game management program. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu.

Eijzenga, J. & Smith, D.G. 2006. Mokulua Islands State Seabird Sanctuary soil stabilization and habitat restoration project. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 10 p.

Fitch, J. 1968. Oahu, Kauai, and offshore islands summary. Smithsonian Institution, Honolulu. 98 p.

Forestry, B.o.C.o.A.a. 1947. Proposed regulations for bird sanctuaries and providing for the protection of certain sea birds. 'Elepaio 7(9): 50-51.

Hatch, G. 1953. A trip to Mokulua. 'Elepaio 13(12): 87.

Hawaii, S.o. 1969. Geographic names approved, second quarter 1969, p. 8. In: Development, D.o.P.E. (ed.), State of Hawaii8.

Inc., M.M. Map of O'ahu Islets. In:

Judd, L.M. 1932. Setting aside land for public purposes, p. 2. In: Branch, S.o.H.E. (ed.), State of Hawaii2.

Leone, D. 2005. Isle students teach on Earth Day. Honolulu Star-bulletin 2005 (April 23, 2005)5.

Macdonald, G.A., Abbott, A.T. & Peterson, F.L. 1983. Volcanoes in the sea: the geology of Hawaii. Second. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 528 p.

Megysi, J.L. & O'Daniel, D.L. 1997. Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii), p. 33. In: Gill, A.P.a.F. (ed.), The Birds of North America. Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA281.

Morin, M. 1982. State Seabird Sanctuary brief legislative history, p. 6. In: Department of Land and Natural Resources, D.o.F.a.W. (ed.), State of Hawaii6.

Munro, G.C. 1940. Birds of Hawaii and adventures in bird study. 'Elepaio 1(7): 3.

Munro, G.C. 1941. Bird islands off the coast of Oahu. 'Elepaio 1(9): 4.

Munro, G.C. 1941. Bulwer's Petrel. 'Elepaio 12(1): 3.

Munro, G.C. 1946. The Hawaiian bird survey 1935-37 (continued from last issue). 'Elepaio 7(3): 2.

Munro, G.C. 1946. The Hawaiian bird survey of 1935-37. 'Elepaio 7(2): 2.

Munro, G.C. 1956. Our interesting offshore islands. 'Elepaio 16(10): 2.

Oliver, C. 2002. Islets shelter seabirds, provide stunning views. Honolulu Advertiser 2002 (February 17, 2002)5.

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