Offshore Islet Project

HOME > O'AHU ISLETS
For more information click on an islet name on the map or select from the list below. Islets that are washed over by waves and lack any flora or fauna are not detailed here.
> Kaohikaipu (Black Rock)	> Kapapa (Mokukapapa)	> Kekepa (Turtle Rock)
> Kihewamoku	> Kuka'imanini	> Kukuiho'olua
> Manana (Rabbit Island)	> Mokauea	> Mokolea
> Mokoli'i (Chinaman's Hat)	> Moku manu	> Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island)
> Mokualai	> Moku'au'ia (Goat Island)	> Mokulua
> Popo'ia (Flat Island)	> Pulemoku

Kapapa (Mokukapapa)

Approach by boat
Photo: H. Eijzenga

9.5 acre islet located in the middle of Kaneohe Bay.
The islet is State owned and all native flora and fauna on the islet is protected under State and/or federal law.

Field Accounts: 29 Apr 2007; 7 Aug and 30 Aug 2007; 20-21 Oct 2007

Species checklists:

ARTHROPOD
Order: ARANEAE
Family: Araneidae
	Argiope appensa nananana (Garden spider) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Neoscona oaxacensis nananana (Western spotted orbweaver) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Dysderidae
	Dysdera crocota nananana (Woodlouse spider) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Salticidae
	Hasarius adansoni pe'epe'e-maka-walu (Adanson's house jumper) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: BLATTODEA
Family: Blaberidae
	Pycnoscelus indicus elelu lepo (Burrowing cockroach) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Blattidae
	Periplaneta americana elelu 'ula 'ula (American cockroach) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: COLEOPTERA
Family: Coccinellidae
	Coccinella septempunctata none (Seven-spotted ladybird beetle) Fed:none State:none			Introduced
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Cryptolaemus montrouzieri none (Mealybug destoryer) Fed:none State:none			Introduced
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Micraspis lineola none (Coccinellid beetle) Fed:none State:none			Introduced
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Tenebrionidae
	Ammophorus insularis pu'u Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Gonocephalum adpressiforme pu'u (Gonocephalum darkling beetle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: DIPTERA
Family: Chloropidae
	Siphunculina striolata nalo (Chloropid fly) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Culicidae
	Aedes vexans Makika (Mosquito) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
		Unknown	Present	Fitch 1968
	30-Jan-68	Complete survey	Present	Spadoni et al. 1979
	Culex quinquefasciatus Makika (Mosquito) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
		Unknown	Present	Fitch 1968
	30-Jan-68	Complete survey	Present	Spadoni et al. 1979
Family: Tachinidae
	Gonia longipulvilli nalo (Tachinid fly) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: HETEROPTERA
Family: Lygaeidae
	Nysius coenosulus none (Seed bug) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Nysius kinbergi none (Seed bug) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: HOMOPTERA
Family: Cicadellidae
	Agallia lingula none Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Pseudococcidae
	Pseudococcus sp. anauku (Mealybug) Fed:none State:none			Unknown
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: HYMENOPTERA
Family: Anthophoridae
	Ceratina arizonensis nalo-nui (Small carpenter bee) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Chrysididae
	Chrysis angolensis nalo puka (Cuckoo wasp) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Colletidae
	Hylaeus sp. none (Yellow-faced Bee) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Dryinidae
	Gonatopus dichromus nalo puka (Flightless Dryinid wasp) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Formicidae
	indet. Formicidae naonao Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Leptogenys falcigera naonao (Long-legged ponerine ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Ochetellus glaber naonao (Glaber Ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Oct-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Pheidole megacephala naonao-aki (Big-headed ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Plagiolepis alluaudi naonao (Little yellow ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Sphecidae
	Dolichurus stantoni nalo-lawe-lepo (Black cockroach wasp) Fed:none State:none			Introduced
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Vespidae
	Pachodynerus nasidens kopena (Keyhole wasp) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: ISOPODA
	indet. Isopoda pokipoki (Terrestrial isopod) Fed:none State:none			Unknown
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Scyphacidae
	Alloniscus oahuensis pokipoki (Terrestrial isopod) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: ORTHOPTERA
Family: Acrididae
	Oxya japonica uhini (Rice grasshopper) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Schistocerca nitens uhini (Vagrant grasshopper) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: THYSANOPTERA
Family: Phlaeothripidae
	Haplothrips sp. none (Thrips) Fed:none State:none			Unknown
	22-21/10/2007	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
MAMMAL
Family: Muridae
	Mus musculus (House mouse) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	20-Nov-63	Complete survey	7 individuals	Fitch 1968
	30-Jan-68	Complete survey	8 individuals	Fitch 1968
PLANT
Family: Agavaceae
	Aloe Vera (Aloe) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Aizoaceae
	Sesuvium portulacastrum Akulikuli Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Zealand spinach) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Amaranthaceae
	Alternanthera pungens (Khaki Weed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Arecaceae
	Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Asteraceae
	Bidens alba var. radiata (Spanish needles) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Emilia fosbergii Pualele (Flora's paintbrush) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	Melanthera integrifolia Nehe Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Pluchea carolinensis (Sourbush) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Pluchea indica (Indian fleabane) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Reichardia picroides (Reichardia) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Sonchus oleraceus Pualele (Sow thistle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Bataceae
	Batis maritima (Pickle weed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Boraginaceae
	Cordia subcordata Kou Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Heliotropium anomalum var. argenteum Hinahina Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Tournefortia argentea (Tree heliotrope) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Brassicaceae
	Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense Anaunau Fed:none State:SOC			Endemic
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Casuarinaceae
	Casuarina equisetifolia (Ironwood) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Casuarina glauca (Longleaf ironwood) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Casuarina sp. Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
Family: Chenopodiaceae
	Atriplex sp. Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	Chenopodium murale (Lambs quarters) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Chenopodium oahuense Aweoweo Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Convolvulaceae
	Ipomoea indica Koali awa (Oceanblue morning-glory) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis Pohuehue (Bayhops) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Jacquemontia ovalifolia subsp. sandwicensis Pau o Hiiaka Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Cuscutaceae
	Cuscuta sandwichiana Kaunaoa (Dodder) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Cyperaceae
	Fimbristylis cymosa (Button sedge) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Euphorbiaceae
	Chamaesyce prostrata (Prostrate spurge) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Fabaceae
	Leucaena leucocephala Haole koa (White leadtree) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Goodeniaceae
	Scaevola sericea Naupaka kahakai Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Malvaceae
	Hibiscus tiliaceus Hau Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Sida fallax Ilima (Fanpetals) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Sidastrum micranthum (Sidastrum) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Thespesia populnea Milo Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Moraceae
	Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
Family: Nyctaginaceae
	Boerhavia coccinea (Boerhavia) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Boerhavia repens Alena (Boerhavia) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Passifloraceae
	Passiflora suberosa Huehue haole Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Poaceae
	Cenchrus echinatus (Sand bur) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Chloris barbata (Swollen fingergrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Digitaria insularis (Sourgrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Eleusine indica (Wiregrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Eragrostis amabilis (Lovegrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Eragrostis variabilis Emoloa, kawelu Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Paspalum vaginatum (Seashore paspalum) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	Sporobolus pyramidatus (Dropseed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Sporobolus virginicus Akiaki Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Polygonaceae
	Coccoloba uvifera (Seagrape) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Portulacaceae
	Portulaca lutea ihi (Purslane) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Portulaca oleracea (Pigweed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	Portulaca pilosa ihi (Kiss me quick) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	Portulaca sp. Fed:Unknown State:Unknown			Unknown
	26-Aug-93	Partial survey	Present	DLNR 1994
Family: Rhizophoraceae
	Rhizophora mangle (Mangrove) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
Family: Solanaceae
	Lycium sandwicense Ohelo kai (Hawai'i desert-thorn) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	29-Apr-77	Partial survey	Present	Paglinawan 1977
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	29-Apr-07 and 20-Oct-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Solanum americanum Popolo (Glossy Nighshade) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Verbenaceae
	Lantana camara (Lantana) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1968	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Jamaica vervain) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
SEABIRD
Family: Procellaridae
	Bulweria bulweri ou (Bulwer's Petrel) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	27-Jun-36	Unknown	2 burrows	Munro 1947
	27-Jun-36	Complete survey	Present	Munro 1947
	Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus uaukane (Wedge-tailed Shearwater) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	27-Jun-36	Unknown	Present	Munro 1947
	14-Oct-45	Partial survey	7 banded	Munro 1947
	20-Nov-63	Partial survey	24 chicks	Fitch 1968
	29-Apr-77	Unknown	50 adults; 9 nests	Paglinawan 1977
	25-May-94	Unknown	nesting	DOFAW 1994
	1-Nov-99	Extrapolated	160 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-03	Extrapolated	259 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-04	Extrapolated	328 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	20-Oct-07	Complete survey	191 chicks	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	1-Nov-07	Extrapolated	191 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data

Literature Citations:

Altonn, H. 1977. Seabird refuge established. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1977 (October 22, 1977): A101.

Anonymous. 1978. Mokapu and Kapapa Islet, color slides. Visitor Industry Program, Honolulu. 55 slides, color, 2 x 2 in., carousel tray. [Available at Windward CC only, Q111.H3no.1146]

Anonymous. 1992. Images and GIS data of Oahu's offshore islets. In: Hawaii Natural Heritage Project

Anonymous. 1994. Report on Kapapa Island. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 2 p.

Coles, S., Giuseffi, L. & Hutchinson, M. 2008. Assessment of species composition, diversity and biomass in marine habitats and subhabitats around offshore islets in the main Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Technical Report 39: 82.

Fitch, J. 1968. Oahu, Kauai, and offshore islands summary. Smithsonian Institution, Honolulu. 98 p.

Forestry, B.o.C.o.A.a. 1947. Proposed regulations for bird sanctuaries and providing for the protection of certain sea birds. 'Elepaio 7(9): 50-51.

Hawaii, S.o. 1969. Geographic names approved, second quarter 1969, p. 8. In: Development, D.o.P.E. (ed.), State of Hawaii8.

Inc., M.M. Map of O'ahu Islets. In:

Judd, L.M. 1932. Setting aside land for public purposes, p. 2. In: Branch, S.o.H.E. (ed.), State of Hawaii2.

MacCaughey, V. 1918. The strand flora of the Hawaiian Archipelago-I. geographical relations, origin, and composition. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 45(7): 18.

Megysi, J.L. & O'Daniel, D.L. 1997. Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii), p. 33. In: Gill, A.P.a.F. (ed.), The Birds of North America. Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA281.

Morin, M. 1982. State Seabird Sanctuary brief legislative history, p. 6. In: Department of Land and Natural Resources, D.o.F.a.W. (ed.), State of Hawaii6.

Munro, G.C. 1947. Effect of a tidal wave on some sea bird nesting islands (concluded). 'Elepaio 7(9): 2.

Munro, G.C. 1947. Effect of a tidal wave on some sea bird nesting islands. 'Elepaio 7(8): 2.

Munro, G.C. 1947. Kapapa Island bird and plant sanctuary. 'Elepaio 8(1): 3.

Munro, G.C. 1947. Notes on the islands in Kaneohe Bay. 'Elepaio 8(4): 3.

Munro, G.C. 1949. Bird-banding on Kapapa Island. 'Elepaio 9(10): 1.

Munro, G.C. 1949. Some seeding plants detrimental to birds. 'Elepaio 9(10): 2.

Paglinawan, R.K. 1977. Report on Kapapa Islet. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 34 p.

Smith, D.G. 2006. Oahu offshore island seabird habitat restoration and monitoring program. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 17 p.

Spadoni, R.D., Kitaguchi, G.E. & Hayes, R.O. 1979. Mosquitoes collected on the offshore islets Oahu, Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 13(1): 7.

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