Offshore Islet Project

HOME > O'AHU ISLETS
For more information click on an islet name on the map or select from the list below. Islets that are washed over by waves and lack any flora or fauna are not detailed here.
> Kaohikaipu (Black Rock)	> Kapapa (Mokukapapa)	> Kekepa (Turtle Rock)
> Kihewamoku	> Kuka'imanini	> Kukuiho'olua
> Manana (Rabbit Island)	> Mokauea	> Mokolea
> Mokoli'i (Chinaman's Hat)	> Moku manu	> Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island)
> Mokualai	> Moku'au'ia (Goat Island)	> Mokulua
> Popo'ia (Flat Island)	> Pulemoku

Kaohikaipu (Black Rock)

Approach by boat
Photo: H. Eijzenga

11 acre islet located in Waimanalo Bay across from Makapuu Point.
The islet is part of the State Seabird Sanctuary: access is by permit only to protect the islet's flora and fauna.

Field Accounts: 28 Mar 2007; 7 Aug and 30 Aug 2007; 24 Sep 2007; 1-2 Dec 2007

Species checklists:

ARTHROPOD
Order: ARANEAE
Family: Oxypodidae
	Oxyopes sp. [of Kumashiro, 1990] nananana (Lynx spider) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Theridiidae
	Steatoda crocota nananana Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: BLATTODEA
Family: Blaberidae
	Pycnoscelus indicus elelu lepo (Burrowing cockroach) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: COLEOPTERA
Family: Bostrichidae
	Sinoxylon conigerum none (Auger beetle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Cerambycidae
	Sybra alternans none (Long-horned beetle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Coccinellidae
	Coelophora inaequalis none (Common Australian lady beetle) Fed:none State:none			Introduced
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Micraspis lineola none (Coccinellid beetle) Fed:none State:none			Introduced
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Curculonidae
	Rhynchogonus sp. none (Weevil) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Elateridae
	Cardiophorus stolatus none (Click beetle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Tenebrionidae
	Gonocephalum adpressiforme pu'u (Gonocephalum darkling beetle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Lobometopon diremptus pu'u Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: DIPTERA
Family: Canicidae
	Canaceoides angulatus nalo (Beach fly) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Ephydridae
	Scatella sexnotata nalo Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Hippoboscidae
	Olfersia aenescens 'uku-hipa Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Sarcophagidae
	Sarcophaga peregrina nalo (Flesh fly) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Sarcophaga sp. nalo (Flesh fly) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: HOMOPTERA
Family: Aphididae
	Aphis craccivora eleao (Cowpea aphid) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Psyllidae
	Heteropsylla cubana none (Leucaena psyllid) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: HYMENOPTERA
Family: Anthophoridae
	Ceratina arizonensis nalo-nui (Small carpenter bee) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Apidae
	Apis mellifera nalo-meli (Honey Bee) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Bethylidae
	Epyris extraneus none Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Formicidae
	Anoplolepis gracilipes none (Long-legged Ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Camponotus variegatus none (Carpenter ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Cardiocondyla sp. none (Cardiocondyla ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Ochetellus glaber naonao (Glaber Ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Solenopsis geminata naonao (Fire ant) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: ISOPODA
Family: Ligiidae
	Ligia hawaiiensis none (Mangrove slater) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	2-Dec-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: LITHOBIOMORPHA
Family: Lithobiidae
	Lithobius moananus none (Centipede) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Order: ORTHOPTERA
Family: Acrididae
	Schistocerca nitens uhini (Vagrant grasshopper) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	28-Mar-07	Partial survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Gryllidae
	Caconemobius sandwichensis uhini (Beach rock cricket) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Gryllodes sigillatus uhini (Tropical house cricket) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	2-Dec-07	Complete survey	Present	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
MAMMAL
Family: Muridae
	Rattus rattus (Roof rat) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	10-Mar-68	Opportunistic survey	1 individual	Fitch 1968
PLANT
Family: Aizoaceae
	Sesuvium portulacastrum Akulikuli Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1970
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Amaranthaceae
	Achyranthes aspera (Achyranthes) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Asteraceae
	Bidens pilosa (Spanish needles) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Emilia fosbergii Pualele (Flora's paintbrush) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Melanthera integrifolia Nehe Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Reichardia picroides (Reichardia) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Sonchus oleraceus Pualele (Sow thistle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Verbesina encelioides (Golden crown-beard) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Boraginaceae
	Heliotropium anomalum var. argenteum Hinahina Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Heliotropium curassavicum Nena (salt heliotrope) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Heliotropium sp. Fed:Unknown State:Unknown			Unknown
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1973
	Tournefortia argentea (Tree heliotrope) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Brassicaceae
	Coronopus didymus (Swinecress) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Casuarinaceae
	Casuarina glauca (Longleaf ironwood) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Chenopodiaceae
	Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Chenopodium oahuense Aweoweo Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Convolvulaceae
	Ipomoea cairica Koali ai (Morning Glory) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Ipomoea indica Koali awa (Oceanblue morning-glory) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis Pohuehue (Bayhops) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Ipomoea sp. Fed:Unknown State:Unknown			Unknown
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1975
	Jacquemontia ovalifolia subsp. sandwicensis Pau o Hiiaka Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Cuscutaceae
	Cuscuta sandwichiana Kaunaoa (Dodder) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1976
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Cyperaceae
	Fimbristylis cymosa (Button sedge) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1972
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Fabaceae
	Leucaena leucocephala Haole koa (White leadtree) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Sesbania tomentosa Ohai Fed:E State:E			Endemic
	1937	Complete survey	Present	Carter 1994
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Goodeniaceae
	Scaevola sericea Naupaka kahakai Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1971
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Malvaceae
	Hibiscus tiliaceus Hau Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Sida fallax Ilima (Fanpetals) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1969
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Thespesia populnea Milo Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Nyctaginaceae
	Boerhavia glabrata Alena (Boerhavia) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	Boerhavia repens Alena (Boerhavia) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Papavaraceae
	Argemone glauca var. glauca Pua kala Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr et al 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Passifloraceae
	Passiflora suberosa Huehue haole Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Poaceae
	Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel grass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Cenchrus echinatus (Sand bur) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Chloris barbata (Swollen fingergrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Dactyoloctenium aegyptium (Egyptian grass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	Digitaria ciliaris (Henry's crabgrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Digitaria insularis (Sourgrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Eleusine indica (Wiregrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Setaria verticillata (Bristly foxtail) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Sporobolus pyramidatus (Dropseed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	Sporobolus virginicus Akiaki Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	26-Jul-36	Partial survey	Present	Fitch 1974
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Common	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Portulacaceae
	Portulaca lutea ihi (Purslane) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
	Portulaca oleracea (Pigweed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Common	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Portulaca pilosa ihi (Kiss me quick) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Occasional	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Portulaca villosa Ihi (Hairy purslane) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	1967	Complete survey	Present	Carter 1994
	1-Mar-96	Complete survey	Present	ANON 1996
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
Family: Solanaceae
	Lycium sandwicense Ohelo kai (Hawai'i desert-thorn) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Rare	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
	Solanum americanum Popolo (Glossy Nighshade) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Occasional	Starr & Starr 2006
	1-Dec-07	Complete survey	Rare	Eijzenga & Preston 2008
Family: Verbenaceae
	Lantana camara (Lantana) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	3-Mar-06	Complete survey	Present	Starr & Starr 2006
SEABIRD
Family: Diomedeidae
	Phoebastria immutabilis moli (Laysan Albatross) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1993-1996	Opportunistic survey	albatross attraction project	Podlosky and Kress 1996
Family: Laridae
	Anous minutus melanogenys noio (Black Noddy) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	18-Jun-37	Unknown	a few nests	Munro 1941
	25-Aug-45	Unknown	very small numbers	Munro 1956
	1948	Unknown	nesting	Richardson & Fisher 1950
Family: Procellaridae
	Bulweria bulweri ou (Bulwer's Petrel) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1935-1951	Unknown	1+ nests	Munro 1941
	25-Aug-45	Unknown	Present	Munro 1956
	23-Jul-64	Opportunistic survey	2 chicks	Fitch 1968
	2007-2008	Opportunistic survey	ca. 50 carcasses removed; 100-200 nesting est	J. Eijzenga pers comm.
	Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus uaukane (Wedge-tailed Shearwater) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1935-1952	Unknown	Present	Munro 1941
	25-Aug-45	Unknown	not in large numbers	Munro 1956
	23-Jul-64	Estimated	600 adults	Fitch 1968
	16-Jun-94	Opportunistic survey	Present	Carter 1994
	1-Nov-96	Extrapolated	341 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-99	Extrapolated	448 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-00	Extrapolated	372 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-01	Extrapolated	342 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-02	Extrapolated	340 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-03	Extrapolated	366 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-06	Extrapolated	393 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data
	1-Nov-07	Extrapolated	445 individuals	DOFAW unpubl. data

Literature Citations:

Altonn, H. 1977. Seabird refuge established. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1977 (October 22, 1977): A101.

Anonymous. 1992. Images and GIS data of Oahu's offshore islets. In: Hawaii Natural Heritage Project

Anonymous. 1996. Kaohikaipu plant list March 1, 1996. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 1 p.

Brown, R.C. 1932. Regulations of the Division of Forestry of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii, p. 4. In: Territory of Hawaii4.

Carter, S. 1994. Report on Kaohikaipu Island. Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 3 p.

Coles, S., Giuseffi, L. & Hutchinson, M. 2008. Assessment of species composition, diversity and biomass in marine habitats and subhabitats around offshore islets in the main Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Technical Report 39: 82.

Cowell, A. 1994. Albatross restoration. 'Elepaio 54(2): 1.

Cowell, A. 1995. Albatross update. 'Elepaio 55(3): 10.

Cowell, A. 1995. O'ahu albatross project. 'Elepaio 55(1): 5.

Department of Land and Natural Resources, D.o.F.a.W. 1981. Rules regulating wildlife sanctuaries. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Department of Foresty and Wildlife, Honolulu. 14 p.

Department of Land and Natural Resources, D.o.F.a.W. 1981. Seabird sanctuaries. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 3 p.

Fitch, J. 1968. Oahu, Kauai, and offshore islands summary. Smithsonian Institution, Honolulu. 98 p.

Forestry, B.o.C.o.A.a. 1947. Proposed regulations for bird sanctuaries and providing for the protection of certain sea birds. 'Elepaio 7(9): 50-51.

Grabowski-Kaaialii, G. 1996. Sightings: Laysan Albatross recolonization project. 'Elepaio 56(3): 17.

Grabowsky-Kaaialii, D.G. 1995. Albatross project update. 'Elepaio.

Hawaii, S.o. 1969. Geographic names approved, second quarter 1969, p. 8. In: Development, D.o.P.E. (ed.), State of Hawaii8.

Inc., M.M. Map of O'ahu Islets. In:

Judd, L.M. 1932. Setting aside land for public purposes, p. 2. In: Branch, S.o.H.E. (ed.), State of Hawaii2.

Kaaialii, D.G.L.G. 1997-1998. O'ahu's Laysan Albatross recolonization project readying for 1997/8 season. 'Elepaio 57(9): 1.

MacCaughey, V. 1918. The strand flora of the Hawaiian Archipelago-I. geographical relations, origin, and composition. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 45(7): 18.

Megysi, J.L. & O'Daniel, D.L. 1997. Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii), p. 33. In: Gill, A.P.a.F. (ed.), The Birds of North America. Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA281.

Miller, S.E. 1995. Laysan Albatross project in third season - volunteers needed. 'Elepaio 55(8): 1.

Morin, M. 1982. State Seabird Sanctuary brief legislative history, p. 6. In: Department of Land and Natural Resources, D.o.F.a.W. (ed.), State of Hawaii6.

Munro, G.C. 1940. Birds of Hawaii and adventures in bird study. 'Elepaio 1(7): 3.

Munro, G.C. 1941. Bird islands off the coast of Oahu. 'Elepaio 1(9): 4.

Munro, G.C. 1943. Birds and the army. 'Elepaio 4(10): 1.

Munro, G.C. 1956. Our interesting offshore islands. 'Elepaio 16(10): 2.

Podolsky, R. & Kress, S. 1996. Final report summarizing results of the 1993/1994, 1994/1995, 1995/1996 field seasons attraction of Laysan albatross to Kaohikaipu Island, Oahu. National Audubon Society, Ithaca. 26 p.

Reilly, S. 2000. Hawai'i seabird project soars to new heights. 'Elepaio 60(3): 1.

Service, U.S.F.a.W. 2002. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; designations of critical habitat for plant species from the island of Oahu, HI. Federal Register 67(102): 49.

Shallenberger, R.J. 1971. Concerned: comments on O'ahu's offshore islets. 'Elepaio 31(10): 7.

Smith, D.G. 2006. Oahu offshore island seabird habitat restoration and monitoring program. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 17 p.

Starr, F. & Starr, K. 2006. O'ahu offshore islets botanical survey. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Divsion of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 165 p.

Starr, K., Starr, F. & Loope, L.L. 2005. Early detection and rapid response restoration of Hawaii's offshore islets, p. 1. In: Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit: Dept. of Botany: University of Hawaii, Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit: Pacific Aquaculture & Coastal Resources Center: University of Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey: Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Honolulu. 1.

Tomich, P.Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawai'i. 2. Bishop Musuem Press, Honolulu, HI. 375 p.

Walker, R. 1978. Named islands, islets, rocks, sandspits in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Department of Land and Natural Resources: Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 16 p.

Walker, R. 1998. Wildlife sanctuaries in Hawaii. Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu. 3 p.

Whittow, G.C. 1997. Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus), p. 35. In: Gill, A.P.a.F. (ed.), The Birds of North America. Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA305.

Additional information