Offshore Islet Project

HOME > KAUA'I AND NI'IHAU ISLETS

Kaua'i and Ni'ihau islet map

For more information click on an islet name on the map or select from the list below. Islets that are washed over by waves and lack any flora or fauna are not detailed here.

> Ka'ula

> Lehua

> Moku'ae'ae

Ka'ula

Aerial view
Photo: H. Eijzenga

108 acre islet located about 20 miles southeast of Ni'ihau
The navy forbids landing on the islet because they currently use it as a target range. Kaula is also part of the State Seabird Sanctuary.

Species checklists:

ARTHROPOD
Order: ACARI
Family: Argasidae
	Ornithodoros sp. ona (Softbacked tick) Fed:none State:none			Unknown
	17-Aug-71	Partial survey	Present	Funasaki 1971
Order: BLATTODEA
Family: Blattidae
	Pariplaneta americana elelu 'ula 'ula (American cockroach) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	17-Aug-71	Partial survey	Present	Funasaki 1971
Order: COLEOPTERA
Family: Dermestidae
	Dermestes frischii none (Dermestid beetle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	17-Aug-71	Partial survey	Present	Funasaki 1971
Order: DIPTERA
Family: Sarcophagidae
	Sarcophaga argyrostoma nalo (Flesh fly) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	17-Aug-71	Partial survey	Present	Funasaki 1971
Order: HETEROPTERA
Family: Lygaeidae
	Graptostethus manillensis none (Woodrose bug) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	17-Aug-71	Partial survey	Present	Funasaki 1971
Order: HYMENOPTERA
Family: Pompilidae
	Anoplius sp. none (Spider wasp) Fed:none State:none			Unknown
	17-Aug-71	Partial survey	Present	Funasaki 1971
MAMMAL
Family: Muridae
	Mus musculus (House mouse) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	14-Aug-37	Unknown	Present	Tomich 1986
	Rattus exulans iole (Polynesian rat) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	14 Aug 1937	Unknown	Present	crew of Lighthouse Tender "Kukui"
	17 Aug 1971	Unknown	Present	A C Ziegler, et al.
	17-Aug-71	Opportunistic survey	Present	Walker et al. 1971
	17 Aug 1971	Unknown	Present	A C Ziegler, et al.
	28-Dec-78	Opportunistic survey	Present	Walker 1978
	6-Mar-79	Opportunistic survey	few	Walker 1979
	16-Nov-98	Opportunistic survey	very few	Walker et al. 1998
	Rattus sp. (Rats) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	King 1973
Family: Phocidae
	Monachus schauinslandi Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua (Hawaiian monk seal) Fed:E State:E			Endemic
	2000	Complete survey	2 individuals	Baker and Johanos 2004
	2000	Complete survey	3 individuals	Baker and Johanos 2004
	2001	Complete survey	1 individual	Baker and Johanos 2004
PLANT
Family: Aizoaceae
	Sesuvium portulacastrum Akulikuli Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	18-Apr-31	Complete survey	Present	Caum 1936
Family: Amaranthaceae
	Amaranthus viridis (Slender amaranth) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Occasional	Caum 1936
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Occasional	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Occasional	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Asteraceae
	Conyza canadensis (Horseweed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	Sonchus oleraceus Pualele (Sow thistle) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Occasional	St. John & Daehler 1980
Family: Boraginaceae
	Heliotropium curassavicum Nena (salt heliotrope) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Rare	Caum 1936
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
Family: Cactaceae
	Opuntia megacantha Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Apr-31	Complete survey	Rare	Caum 1936
Family: Capparaceae
	Capparis sandwichiana Maiapilo Fed:none State:SOC			Endemic
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Rare	Caum 1936
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Rare	St. John & Daehler 1980
Family: Chenopodiaceae
	Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Rare	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	Chenopodium oahuense Aweoweo Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Convolvulaceae
	Ipomoea cairica Koali ai (Morning Glory) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	Ipomoea congesta (Morning Glory) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	Ipomoea indica Koali awa (Oceanblue morning-glory) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Rare	Caum 1936
	Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis Pohuehue (Bayhops) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	Jacquemontia ovalifolia subsp. sandwicensis Pau o Hiiaka Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
Family: Euphorbiaceae
	Chamaesyce celastroides Akoko Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Common	Caum 1936
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Fabaceae
	Leucaena leucocephala Haole koa (White leadtree) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Rare	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Malvaceae
	Sida fallax Ilima (Fanpetals) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Common	Walker et al. 1998
	Thespesia populnea Milo Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Nyctaginaceae
	Boerhavia repens Alena (Boerhavia) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Rare	Caum 1936
Family: Plumabaginaceae
	Plumbago zeylanica iliee (White leadwort) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Rare	St. John & Daehler 1980
Family: Poaceae
	Cenchrus echinatus (Sand bur) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Occasional	St. John & Daehler 1980
	Chloris inflata (Swollen fingergrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	Digitaria setigera (Itchy crabgrass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Occasional	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	Echinochloa colona (Jungle rice grass) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Occasional	St. John & Daehler 1980
	Pancium torridum Kakonakona (Torrid panicgrass) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	Panicum pellitum Kaioio (Maui panicgrass) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Present	Caum 1936
	Panicum torridum Kakonakona (Torrid panicgrass) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	Setaria verticillata (Bristly foxtail) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	19-Apr-31	Complete survey	Rare	Caum 1936
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Rare	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Portulacaceae
	Portulaca lutea ihi (Purslane) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Common	Caum 1936
	Portulaca oleracea (Pigweed) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Occasional	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Occasional	Walker et al. 1998
	Portulaca pilosa ihi (Kiss me quick) Fed:none State:none			Adventive
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Common	St. John & Daehler 1980
	Portulaca villosa Ihi (Hairy purslane) Fed:none State:none			Endemic
	17-Aug-32	Complete survey	Present	Caum 1936
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Occasional	St. John & Daehler 1980
	16-Nov-98	Partial survey	Occasional	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Complete survey	Occasional	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Solanaceae
	Lycium sandwicense Ohelo kai (Hawai'i desert-thorn) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Rare	St. John & Daehler 1980
	Solanum nigrum Popolo (Black nightshade) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	18-Aug-32	Complete survey	Rare	Caum 1936
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Occasional	St. John & Daehler 1980
Family: Zygophyllaceae
	Tribulus cistoides Nohu Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	18-Aug-32	Complete survey	Common	Caum 1936
	21-Aug-78 and 6-Mar-79	Complete survey	Occasional	St. John & Daehler 1980
SEABIRD
Family: Diomedeidae
	Phoebastria immutabilis moli (Laysan Albatross) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	150 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	100 individuals	Burr 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	100 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	9 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	128 adults; estimate of 200	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	33 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	44 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	49 counted; 60 estimated	Walker et al. 1998
	Phoebastria nigripes kaupu (Black-footed Albatross) Fed:none State:T			Indigenous
	16-Aug-47	Unknown	Present	Fisher 1951
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	Present	King 1961
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	50 individuals	Burr 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	75 individuals	Walker 1979
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	39 adults; estimated 100 total	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	2 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	4 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	9 adults	Walker et al. 1998
Family: Fregatidae
	Fregata minor iwa (Great Frigatebird) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	16-Aug-47	Unknown	Present	Fisher 1951
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	1 individual	King 1961
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	950 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	250 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	800 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	500 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	250 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	250 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	134 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	53 counted; 150 estimated	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	155 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	701 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	538 counted; 650 estimated	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	5,000 individuals	Olson 1996
Family: Laridae
	Anous minutus melanogenys noio (Black Noddy) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	20 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	200 individuals	Walker 1978
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	9 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	207 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	6 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	1,000 pairs	Olson 1996
	Anous stolidus noio koha (Brown Noddy) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	16-Aug-47	Unknown	Present	Fisher 1951
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	Present	King 1961
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	67,700 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	7,000 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	5,000 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	10,000 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	1,000 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	10,560 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	3950 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	5778 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	5,000 pairs	Olson 1996
	Gygis alba manu-o-ku (White Tern) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	10 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	10 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	200 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	10 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	10 individuals	Walker 1978
	1-Dec-80	Partial survey	5 adults; estimated 10	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	12 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	9 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
	Procelsterna cerulea subsp. saxatalis (Blue-grey Noddy) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	1 individual	King 1961
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	200 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	1 adult; not breeding	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
	Sterna fuscata ewaewa (Sooty Tern) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	16-Aug-47	Unknown	Present	Fisher 1951
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	hundreds	King 1961
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	16,800 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	2500 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	1,000 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	130,000 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	2,500 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	50,000 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	28,850 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	15 adults; estimated 30 adults	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	83,680 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	27,255 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	200 estimated (heard only)	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
	Sterna lunata pakalakala (Gray-backed Tern) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	12 individuals	King 1961
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	2,800 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	250 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	1,500 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	50 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	300 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	4110 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	1467 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	35 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
Family: Phaethontidae
	Phaethon lepturus dorotheae koae-kea (White-tailed Tropicbird) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	2 individuals	King 1961
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	1 individual	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	1 individual	Walker et al. 1998
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	1 individual	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	2 individuals	Walker 1979
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	1 adult	Walker et al. 1998
	Phaethon rubricauda rothschildi koae-ula (Red-tailed Tropicbird) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	1 individual	King 1961
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	950 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	276 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	450 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	35 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	100 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	40 individuals	Walker 1979
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	209 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	146 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Extrapolated	6 counted; 15 estimated	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
Family: Procellaridae
	Bulweria bulweri ou (Bulwer's Petrel) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	50 individuals	Walker 1978
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	580 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	Pterodroma leucoptera unk (Bonin Island Petrel) Fed:Unknown State:Unknown			Unknown
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	1 chick	Caum 1936
	Puffinus nativitatus (Christmas Shearwater) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	450 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	20 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	250 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	100 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	25 individuals	Walker 1979
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	60 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	18 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus uaukane (Wedge-tailed Shearwater) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	2 adults	Caum 1936
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	25 individuals	King 1961
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	4,100 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	1415 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	4,000 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	800 individuals	Walker 1978
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	8 counted; estimated 50	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	980 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	400 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	126 counted; estimate of 200	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
Family: Sullidae
	Sula dactylatra a (Masked Booby) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	1,000 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	300 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	1,200 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	150 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	200 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	400 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	236 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	45 counted; 200 estimated; immatures	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	202 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	567 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	113 counted; extrapolated to 350	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
	Sula leucogaster plotus a (Brown Booby) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	Present	King 1961
	17-Aug-71	Estimated	1,700 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	50 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14-Sep-76	Extrapolated	1,000 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	50 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	60 individuals	Walker 1978
	7-Mar-79	Extrapolated	200 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	212 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	65 counted; 200 estimated	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	169 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	397 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	47 counted; 60 estimated; postbreeding	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996
	Sula sula rubripes a (Red-footed Booby) Fed:none State:none			Indigenous
	1931-1932	Opportunistic survey	Present	Caum 1936
	28-Feb-61	Opportunistic survey	Present	King 1961
	18-Aug-71	Estimated	1,300 individuals	Walker et al. 1971
	20-Jan-76	Unknown	100 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	14, 15-September-76	Extrapolated	150 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	7-Mar-78	Partial survey	100 individuals	Burr 1978
	22-Aug-78	Extrapolated	200 individuals	Walker 1978
	8-Mar-79	Extrapolated	400 individuals	Walker 1979
	19-Jun-80	Unknown	344 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Dec-80	Estimated	26 counted; 60 estimated	Telfer et al. 1981
	16-Apr-84	Unknown	222 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jun-93	Unknown	1375 individuals	Walker et al. 1998
	16-Nov-98	Estimated	871 counted; 1200 estimated	Walker et al. 1998
	1-Jul-23	Opportunistic survey	Present	Olson 1996

Literature Citations:

Altonn, H. 1971. State, U.S. scientists visit, study Kaula Rock. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1971 (August 18, 1971): C51.

Altonn, H. 1977. Seabird refuge established. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1977 (October 22, 1977): A101.

Altonn, H. 1978. 2 state, federal decisions cloud Kaula's target status. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (July 18, 1978): C81.

Altonn, H. 1978. He vows fight for wildlife. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (April 6, 1978): F61.

Altonn, H. 1978. Include Kaula in sanctuary, official urges. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (April 3, 1978): A72.

Altonn, H. 1978. Navy won't stop bombing Kaula Island. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (August 26, 1978): A12.

Altonn, H. 1978. Navy's Kaula Rock order: 'don't miss'. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (December 27, 1978): A21.

Altonn, H. 1978. Perilous for area whales: Kaula Rock bombing rapped. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (December 25, 1978): A21.

Altonn, H. 1978. U.S. attorney says bombing violates law: deadline is set on Kaula resolution. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (April 17, 1978): A121.

Altonn, H. 1978. U.S. studying Kaula bombing. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (April 1, 1978): A12.

Anderson, D.J. 1993. Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra), p. 17. In: Gill, A.P.a.F. (ed.), The Birds of North America. Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA73.

Anonymous. 1961. Navy says Kaula Rock indispensable target. Garden Island 1961 (May 10, 1961): A51.

Anonymous. 1961. Navy will continue bombing Kaula Rock. Honolulu Advertiser 1961 (May 11, 1961): A51.

Anonymous. 1965. Bombing of Niihau angers Senator Inouye. Honolulu Star-bulletin 1965 (October 8): A1

Anonymous. 1965. Kaula bombing to go on. Honolulu Advertiser 1965 (October 9, 1965): A12.

Anonymous. 1965. Kaula Isle sanctuary proposed. Honolulu Advertiser 1965 (March 18, 1965): A151.

Anonymous. 1965. Navy again asked to halt Kaula practice bombings. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1965 (June 22, 1965): C121.

Anonymous. 1965. Navy gets islet off Niihau; used for bombing practice. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1965 (March 10, 1965): E211.

Anonymous. 1965. Navy planes bomb niihau by mistake. Honolulu Advertiser 1965 (October 8, 1965): A12.

Anonymous. 1965. Navy to restudy isle bomb range. Honolulu Advertiser 1965 (April 24, 1965): B51.

Anonymous. 1965. Pilots need rock more than birds. Honolulu Advertiser 1965 (May 20, 1965): A101.

Anonymous. 1965. Solution unsatisfactory. Garden Island 1965 (October 13, 1965): A114.

Anonymous. 1971. House wants to end bombings on Kaula. Honolulu Advertiser 1971 (March 2, 1971): A161.

Anonymous. 1971. Kaula Rock area open to fishing. Garden Island 1971 (January 20, 1971): A121.

Anonymous. 1971. Long weekend at Kaula Rock. Garden Island 1971 (February 10, 1971): A111.

Anonymous. 1971. Navy opening of Kaula Rock. Garden Island 1971 (July 21, 1971): A31.

Anonymous. 1971. Navy to open fishing area at Kaula Rock. Garden Island 1971 (December 23, 1970): 41.

Anonymous. 1972. Kaula Rock fishing OK this weekend, Navy says. Garden Island 1972 (July 26, 1972): A91.

Anonymous. 1975. Navy issues warning to boatmen. Garden Island 1975 (September 1, 1975)1.

Anonymous. 1975. Navy won't stop bombing Kaula Rock. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1975 (July 17, 1975): D91.

Anonymous. 1975. To help stop bombing of Kaula: Council names Masaki Admiral of 13th Fleet. Garden Island 1975 (April 7, 1975)1.

Anonymous. 1976. Birds thrive despite bombing of Kaula Rock. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1976 (September 16, 1976): E161.

Anonymous. 1978. Dispute over Kaula Island continues. Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1978 (August 21, 1978): A111.

Anonymous. 1978. Update. Audubon 80(5): 1.

Anonymous. 1980. Navy's use of Kaula Island deemed "in conflict", 'Elepaio 40(9): 1.

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